With the so-called refugee crisis in Europe from 2015 onwards, the immigration of refugees to several European countries has massively increased. This has resulted in enormous pressure for adequate short-term accommodation for these people and their long-term access to the housing market. With the influx of refugees from Ukraine since February 2022, access to the housing market as well as the provision of affordable housing are once again extremely pressing issues. In addition, the question of affordable housing does not only arise for refugees, but also includes other disadvantaged groups on the housing market in different European cities.